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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

These 17 Goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another.

The SDGs work in the spirit of partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life, in a sustainable way, for future generations. They provide clear guidelines and targets for all countries to adopt in accordance with their own priorities and the environmental challenges of the world at large. The SDGs are an inclusive agenda. They tackle the root causes of poverty and unite us together to make a positive change for both people and planet.

Progress:

• Significant decrease in extreme poverty.

Challenges:

• High poverty rates in rural areas and 3 northern regions;
• High income inequality between rural and urban areas.

SDG Priorities:

• Addressing regional disparities and income inequality. 

Progress:

• Substantial decline in the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight children, with MDG targets being surpassed.

Challenges: 

• Higher level of stunting among children residing in rural areas, of mothers with no education and poor households (vs urban areas, educated mothers and wealthy households).

SDG priorities:

• Addressing regional disparities and income inequality.

Progress:

• Improved mortality rate for children under 5 years;
• HIV and AIDS prevalence decreased to 1.3 percent by 2013.

Challenges:

• Infant mortality rate (53) short of the target of 22 deaths per 1,000 live births;
• Maternal mortality rate (144) was short of global target of 54 per 100,000 live births;
• Access to antiretroviral drugs is not yet universal: it has improved for females overall but declined for pregnant women.

SDG priorities:

• Malaria remains a public health concern.

Progress:

• MDG Primary education gross enrollment and completion targets exceeded;

• Consistent improvement in youth literacy.

Challenges:

• Primary education net enrollment;
• Youth literacy rates are higher among males than females;
• Inadequate infrastructure and basic tools, equipment and materials for teaching and learning, which affect quality;
• Quality of education remains a concern at all levels, particularly in public basic schools.

SDG priorities:

• Addressing gender disparities in education;
• Ensuring adequate quality of education;
• Developing adequate infrastructure and basic tools, equipment and materials.

Progress:  

• Gender parity in primary school enrollment.

Challenges:

• Low female enrollment in secondary and tertiary education;
• No progress in achieving gender equality in productive employment;
• Low female participation in decision making.

SDG priorities:

• Tackling gender-based inequalities in terms of access to assets, employment opportunities, political processes and representation.

Progress:

• Significant gains have been made in access to improved water sources (78.6% of total population in 2013).

Challenges:

• Significant disparity between rural and urban population in access to improved water sources;

• Inadequate financial resources to carry out and maintain major water projects;
• Fast rate of urbanization which comes with increasing demand for water for domestic, industrial and commercial consumption;
• Most households are without basic sanitation, particularly in rural areas.

SDG priorities:

• Increasing the rate of population with access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities;
• Strengthening enabling environment for improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) behavior;
• Fostering behavior change on WASH.

Challenges:

• Carbon intensive energy supply and inequitable access to energy.

SDG Priorities:

• Increasing renewable energy production;
• Promoting investments in renewable energy;
• Improving energy efficiency.

Progress:

• High GDP growth propelled by commercial oil production that pushed the country from lower income to middle income status in 2010;
• An increased proportion of people in productive employment and increasing number of new job-market entrants, particularly the youth, contributed to high employment-to-population ratio (75.6%);
• Improved wages of many groups of workers due to shifts from low-paying jobs to better paying jobs.

Challenges:

• Youth unemployment;  
• Source of growth tends to be biased in favor of extractive sector and capital-intensive sectors which do not have direct poverty reducing effect while agriculture sector keeps crawling;
• Continuing reliance on rain-fed agriculture with low levels of mechanization and limited adoption of modern agricultural techniques is a major constraint on productivity growth in agriculture;
• Ghana’s impressive growth has been driven by the low labor-absorption sectors of mining and oil, with labor-intensive manufacturing and agriculture lagging behind;
• The working poverty rate remains high in 3 northern regions;
• Low level of education of workforce restricts access to highly skilled and better remunerated jobs.

SDG Priorities:

• Ensuring the achievement of full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people.

Progress:

• Mobile and cellular phone penetration has outstripped both Africa and world rates while internet subscription is almost at par with the average for Africa.

Challenges:

• Poverty endemic areas constrained by basic infrastructure that link their economic activity to urban market centers.

SDG Priorities:

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Increasing inequality

SDG Priorities:

• Reducing regional disparities and aligning funding to local and regional governments based on both performance and disparities

Challenges:

• A significant deficit in secure housing persists, along with the presence of urban slums;
• Inadequate long-term finance for the housing sector.

SDG Priorities:

• Focusing on more sustainable urbanization and migration policies and initiatives;

• Increasing community resilience to climate change.

Challenges:

• Food crop farmers often face the problem of marketing and price instability regarding their farm produce;
• Continuing reliance on rain-fed agriculture with low levels of mechanization and limited adoption of modern agricultural techniques is a major constraint on productivity growth in agriculture.

SDG priorities:

• Forthcoming

SDG priorities:

• Development and implementation of national climate change plans and programmes to reduce carbon emissions.

SDG Priorities:

• Forthcoming

Progress:

• Establishment of 168,910 hectares of forest plantation, mainly within degraded forest reserves, under the National Forest Plantation Development Programme 2002-2012.

Challenges:

• Depletion of forest cover continues at an alarming rate;
• Excessive logging, unsustainable agricultural practices, bushfires, cutting of fuelwood, mining and quarrying.

SDG Priorities:

• Forthcoming

SDG priorities:

• Strengthening universal participation in decision-making and decentralization of governance processes;
• Development of mechanisms for conflict prevention, management and resolution;
• Capacity development of national Human Rights institutions;
• Ensuring access to justice for the poor and disadvantaged.

Progress:

• Net ODA inflows are increasing in nominal terms.

Challenges:

• Ratio of ODA to GDP has dropped since 2009.

SDG priorities:

• Fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration among UN, government, private sector, civil society and philanthropy.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

These 17 Goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another.

The SDGs work in the spirit of partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life, in a sustainable way, for future generations. They provide clear guidelines and targets for all countries to adopt in accordance with their own priorities and the environmental challenges of the world at large. The SDGs are an inclusive agenda. They tackle the root causes of poverty and unite us together to make a positive change for both people and planet.

Progress: 

• Steep drop in overall poverty. 

Challenges:

• Slow progress in poverty reduction against national standards.

SDG priorities:

•  Increasing social welfare through "Prosperous Indonesia" programme.

Challenges:

• Prevalence of children (under the age of 5) with malnutrition.

SDG Priorities:

• Combating malnutrition.

Progress:

• Overall increase in life expectancy at birth;
• Successfully combating TB and malaria.

Challenges:

• High level of child mortality; 
• Slow progress in reducing maternal mortality;
• Low progress in fighting HIV / AIDS.

SDG Priorities:

• Improving people's health through `Healthy Indonesia` programme

Progress:

• Universal primary education.

Challenges:

• Forthcoming

SDG priorities:

• Improving the quality of education and trainings through "Smart Indonesia" program;
• Incorporating civic education within the national education curriculum.

Progress:

• Improved gender equality and women's empowerment.

Challenges:

• Forthcoming

SDG Priorities:

• Developing the skills of female political candidates

Progress:

• Improved access to water and sanitation in urban areas.

Challenges:

• Limited sustainable access to water and basic sanitation in rural areas. 

SDG Priorities:

• Extending access to water and basic sanitation.

Progress: 

• Forthcoming 

Challenges:

• 40 million people live without electricity - mostly poor and in rural areas;
• 24.5 million households rely on firewood for cooking.

SDG Priorities:

• Developing renewable biomass-based, solar and hydraulic energy.

Progress:

• Forthcoming 

Challenges:

• Overall employment is on decline; 
• Youth, women, and people with disabilities constitute the majority of the unemployed;
• Continued heavy reliance on copper mining for export revenue.

SDG Priorities:

• Encouraging land reform and land ownership;
• Improving productivity and competitiveness in the international market;
• Accelerating the development of downstream mining industries (coal, oil, gas and copper).

Progress:

• Rapid penetration of mobile connectivity networks within the country;
• Rapid growth in the communications, transportation and service sectors.

Challenges:

• Limited investment in technology, innovation, research and development;
• Weak intersectoral linkages

SDG Priorities:

• Forthcoming

Progress:

• Forthcoming;

Challenges:

• Exclusion of women, ethnic minorities and people living in remote areas

SDG Priorities:

• Strengthening rural areas;
• Reducing disparities among provinces, districts and municipalities.

Progress:

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Heightened risk of natural disasters.

SDG Priorities:

• Increasing community resilience to the impacts of climate change on 15 vulnerable areas (National Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change);
• Improving institutional capacity in disaster risk mitigation and reduction;
• Developing early warning and monitoring systems for floods and fires.

Progress:

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Forthcoming

SDG Priorities:

• Implementing the Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) standard and certification scheme.

Progress:

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Indonesia is one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gas;
• High reliance on fossil fuels.

SDG Priorities:

• Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in 5 priority sectors (forestry and peatlands, agriculture, energy and transportation, industrial and waste management);
• Low-carbon development.

Progress:

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Forthcoming

SDG Priorities:

• Eradicating illegal fishing;
• Enhancing watershed conservation and rehabilitation.

Progress:

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Rapid depletion of forest resources through deforestation and forest fires. 

SDG Priorities:

• Eradicating illegal logging and mining;
• Increasing community participation in forest management.

Progress:

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Violent conflicts over land and resources.

SDG priorities:

• Restoring public confidence in democratic institutions;
• Strengthening diversity and creating space for dialogue among citizens.

Progress:

• Indonesia is a party of the 2017 National Voluntary Review of the High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development Goals.

Challenges:

• Forthcoming

SDG Priorities:

• Forthcoming

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

These 17 Goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another.

The SDGs work in the spirit of partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life, in a sustainable way, for future generations. They provide clear guidelines and targets for all countries to adopt in accordance with their own priorities and the environmental challenges of the world at large. The SDGs are an inclusive agenda. They tackle the root causes of poverty and unite us together to make a positive change for both people and planet.

Progress:

• Strong economic growth;
• Reduced overall poverty levels.

Challenges:

• Increasing inequality.

SDG priorities:

• Creating opportunities for accelerating sustainable livelihood growth in rural, semi-arid and arid areas;
• Empowering the poor and vulnerable with skills, knowledge and opportunities to respond to market needs;
• Establishing private sector partnerships and advocating for pro-poor investments and businesses.

Progress:

• Strong economic growth;
• Reduced overall poverty levels.

Challenges:

• Marginal drop in proportion of underweight children below 5 years;
• Majority of people in the country are still below the recommended dietary level;
• Severe food shortages due to recurrent climate-related natural disasters;
• Loss of high potential agricultural land due to rapid urbanization and expansion of infrastructure;
• Poor infrastructure in rural areas continues to affect market access for both producers and buyers of agricultural produce;
• Rapid population increase coupled with decrease in food production continues to affect food security in the country.

SDG priorities:

• Increasing agricultural productivity and improving food security;
• Developing aquaculture to encourage investments along the value chain thus making fish farming a viable commercial venture.

Progress:

• Introduction of maternity services in all health facilities;
• Increased coverage and scope of immunization of children;
• Moderate reduction in child mortality;
• Halt and reversal of spread in HIV / AIDS and Tuberculosis.

Challenges:

• Slow progress on maternal health;
• Shortfall in staff and skills capacity;
• Low health seeking behaviour and inadequate child care practices among care-givers;
• Inadequate financial resources;
• Poor access to health services including geographical and cost of services, inadequate referral systems;
• High occurrence of adolescent pregnancies;
• High poverty levels in most households that has exacerbated the nutritional status of mothers and children, and hence poor child health outcomes;
• Low awareness of HIV status among those infected;
• Low access to HIV prevention, care and treatment services.

SDG priorities:

• Developing guidelines for an Integrated Health Management System;
• Expansion of immunization coverage and package;
• Distribution of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) for malaria prevention and improved Antenatal Care (ANC);
• Capacity development of medical staff;
• Investing in infrastructure;
• Running behavioural change programs for general population and Most at Risk Population (MARPs) to promote safe sex by using condoms and reducing multiple sexual partners;
• Developing and implementing National Malaria Strategy;
• Improving TB diagnosis and surveillance through the adoption of new diagnostic technologies;
• Involving communities in TB control through engagement of CSOs in advocacy, communication and social mobilization;
• Developing electronic data collection system to improve data quality, financial management and program management. 

Progress:

• Almost 100% universal primary education;
• Steady progress in literacy among both young women and men.

Challenges:

• Challenges in secondary education rates;
• Inadequate number and inequitable distribution of teachers, which results in high pupils/teacher ratio in some schools;
• Inadequate physical facilities have severely overstretched learning facilities thereby posing serious risks on the active participation of pupils in school activities;
• Gender, socio-economic and regional disparities negatively impact on access, retention and participation of pupils.

SDG priorities:

• Distributing teachers in a more appropriate and effective way;
• Improving poorly equipped facilities;
• Improving quality of education;
• Improving Early Childhood Development;
• Addressing disruptions from climate change and conflict.

Progress:

• Stronger female political representation;
• Strong female ratio in primary education.

Challenges:

• Most women can only access traditional jobs/roles;
• Women have limited access to factors of production and market;

• Women remain particularly vulnerable to recurrent natural disasters.

SDG priorities:

• Enhancing women's skills to access better jobs;
• Fighting against harmful traditional practices (FGM);
• Eliminating gender-based violence.

Progress:

• Improved water access and sanitation.

Challenges:

• Poor water sanitation/sewerage accessibility due to low coverage ratio of the sewerage system as a result of rapid increase of urban population.

SDG priorities:

• Rehabilitating, expanding and developing Water and Sanitation/Sewerage Infrastructure.

Progress: 

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Over-reliance on traditional biomass energy (only 20% of households are connected to the national electricity grid).

SDG priorities:

• Developing a diversified portfolio of power generation assets that is expected to shift over time from high dependency on increasingly unpredictable hydro-power and fuel price sensitive thermal options to greener, cheaper, more dependable and sustainable sources.

Progress:

• Strong economic growth.

Challenges:

• Women and youth are mostly employed by informal sectors;
• Youth unemployment.

SDG priorities:

• Promoting entrepreneurship and acquisition of vocational skills, targeting women, youth and marginalized groups;
• Focusing on value-chain development approaches;
• Capitalizing on recent discoveries in oil, gas, and mineral resources to promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth and ensure environmental preservation, job creation and local development;

• Facilitating private sector development driven by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Progress:

• Significant advancement in ICT.

Challenges:

• Electronic waste (e-waste) management-disposal of obsolete equipment’s, gadgets and parts, etc. is posing a major threat to the environment;
• Issues of privacy, e-security, cyber-crime, intellectual property rights and associated security issues/ threats;

• High regional communication costs.

SDG priorities:

• Developing Human Resource capacity in ICT;
• Translating ICT into programs that add value to the education system, the agricultural sector, the health sector, governance, leadership and ultimately achieve the overall goal of driving economic growth.

Progress: 

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Increasing inequality.

SDG priorities:

• Addressing regional disparities.

Progress: 

• Forthcoming

Challenges:

• Rapid growth of urban population living in slums;
• Gaps in the enactment, implementation, and coordination of Disaster Risk Management policies and in national early response capacities.

SDG priorities:

• Undertaking slum upgrading projects in urban areas, with the involvement of private sector, civil society and faith based organizations;
• Capacity building of institutions, communities and vulnerable people, particularly women, to increase their resilience and reduce the risks and impacts of disasters and shocks, including from climate change;
• Establishing and operationalizing coordination mechanisms and systems for mitigation and preparedness, early warning and timely response to disasters.

SDG Priorities:

• Forthcoming

Progress:

• Reduction in forest loss and degradation.

Challenges:

• Over-reliance on traditional biomass energy;
• Rapid increase of urban population.

SDG priorities:

• Formulating national climate change strategy;
• Controlling the import, use and consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances;
• Building capacity in climate change mitigation and adaptation to increase the resilience of the communities and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change;
• Securing access to Climate Finance.

Challenges:

• Weak environmental governance;
• Water scarcity and pollution from industry.

SDG priorities:

• Developing and implementing natural resource management policy;
• Strengthening environmental governance;
• Fostering biodiversity protection.

Progress:

• Reduction in forest loss and degradation;
• Restoration of 123,179.9 ha of degraded areas through protection of natural regeneration and deployment of a workforce of 2,500 armed forest rangers to protect the natural forests through regular patrols;
• Establishment of Kenya Forest Service. 

Challenges:

• Deforestation and desertification;
• Biodiversity loss;
• Encroachment on wildlife habitats;
• Land degradation. 

SDG priorities:

• Developing and implementing natural resource management policy;
• Strengthening environmental governance;
• Fostering biodiversity protection;
• Combating illegal wildlife trade and running anti-poaching campaigns. 

Progress:

• Increased and equitable access to services by citizens;
• Increased level of confidence in delivery of public services;
• Improved ability of County Governments to establish performance management systems and accountability mechanisms in the utilization of public resources and improve on public service delivery;
• Increased oversight role by constitutional commissions and independent bodies by providing policy guidance and informing the citizenry of the status of implementation of devolved governance system;
• Vibrant civil society to engage citizens in development.

Challenges:

• Corruption;
• Localized conflicts due to lack of effective regulatory and legislative frameworks for extractive industries;
• Increased competition for natural resources, access to water and grazing pastures between pastoralists, refuges and host communities.

SDG priorities:

• Implementing inclusive and equitable frameworks for natural resource management, including extractives;
• Improving access to justice through establishment of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms with non-state actors.

Progress:

• Steady increase in exports.

Challenges:

• Reduction of the development expenditure due to budget constraints;
• Delays in development partners commitments.

SDG priorities:

• Fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration with private sector, civil society, philanthropy, etc.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

These 17 Goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another.

The SDGs work in the spirit of partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life, in a sustainable way, for future generations. They provide clear guidelines and targets for all countries to adopt in accordance with their own priorities and the environmental challenges of the world at large. The SDGs are an inclusive agenda. They tackle the root causes of poverty and unite us together to make a positive change for both people and planet.

Progress:

• Poverty and extreme poverty reduction targets were met one year before the deadline;
• Multidimensional poverty rate is 20,2% in 2015, down from 30,4% in 2010, representing over 4 million of Colombians.

Challenges:

• Unequal progress among rural/urban areas as well as among various population groups;
• Poverty rates reach 60% in Cordoba, Choco and Cauca, rural and coastal areas far from urban centers;
• Poverty rate among the 6 million internally displaced persons is more than three times the national average;
• Afro-Colombian households have 20% lower per-capita income than non-Afro-Colombian households;
• Drop in oil prices, which represents 50% of foreign trade revenues, could affect government capacity to finance peace-building and poverty reduction policies.

SDG priorities:

• Addressing regional and ethnic disparities; 
• Addressing the structural cases behind female poverty;
• Addressing the specific needs of indigenous and Afro-Colombian populations in the Pacific and Caribbean regions.

Progress:

• Reduced overall poverty levels. 

Challenges:

• Unequal progress among rural/urban areas as well as among various groups of population.

SDG priorities:

• Addressing regional and ethnic disparities; 
• Focusing on agriculture’s critical role;
• Ensuring access to basic rights such as health and nutrition.

Progress:

• Infant mortality rate halted at 17.25 deaths per thousand births (2013), fulfilling the MDG goal before the deadline;
• High rate of health coverage of total population (97,58% in 2015);
• Good progress on maternal health (45% reduction in maternal mortality between 2001 and 2013);
• By the end of 2013, 99% of the recorded births were attended by health professionals;
• Prenatal check-ups increased from 52% in 2000 to 80% in 2013.

Challenges:

• Inadequate vaccine coverage for infants;
• Increased number of teenage pregnancies;
• 18% of maternal deaths are among women between 10 and 19 years.

SDG Priorities:

• Addressing regional and ethnic disparities;
• Reducing child mortality;
• Ensuring access to quality basic social services;
• Reducing teenage pregnancy; 
• Improving sexual and reproductive health services.

Progress:

• 100% coverage rate in universal primary education.

Challenges:

• Insufficient coverage in secondary education. 

SDG priorities:

• Improving secondary education coverage;
• Addressing disruptions in rural areas caused by inadequate infrastructure, natural disasters and insecurity;
• Addressing gender and ethnic disparities.

Progress:

• Slightly stronger female political representation (2010-2014: 17.2% and 2014-2018: 23%);
• Women, on average, have slightly more years of schooling (10.1 years) in comparison to men (9.5 years).

Challenges:

• Women face an unemployment rate twice that of men and earn wages 21% lower, despite their higher educational levels.

SDG Priorities:

• Improving labour-market and addressing salary gaps; 
• Mainstreaming gender considerations (gender lens) into policies, budgets, normative and legal frameworks;
• Eradicating of all forms of violence against women (gender-based violence).

Progress:

• Increased access to improved water sources;
• Improved water access in urban areas as reported by 97.4% of the urban population.

Challenges:

• Decline in quality of water sanitation facilities due to increase in informal settlements, cost of sanitation infrastructure, low investment returns for private sector;
• Deforestation adversely affecting catchment areas and thus is a growing concern.

SDG Priorities:

• Forthcoming

Progress:

• Predominant use of hydropower energy.

Challenges:

• Growing extractive sector;

SDG priorities:

• Exploring other options for affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy sources.

Progress:

• Macro-economic stability;
• Low inflation;
• Strong economic growth.

Challenges:

• Drop in oil prices, which represents 50% of foreign trade revenues, could affect government capacity to finance peacebuilding and poverty reduction policies;
• Economic growth is dependent on extractive industries;
• Disparities across population groups and geographical areas;
• Youth and rural unemployment;
• Informal employment.

SDG priorities:

• Exploring options for innovative, inclusive and sustainable productive strategies;
• Addressing regional and ethnic disparities;
• Addressing youth unemployment and informal employment.

SDG priorities:

• Rehabilitating community infrastructure in municipalities most affected by the armed conflict;
• Implementing innovative ICT-based solutions for the effective provision of state services.

Challenges:

• Disparities across population groups and geographical areas;
• Under-representation of women, ethnic minorities and youth in decision-making processes.

SDG priorities:

• Addressing regional and ethnic disparities;
• Increasing the voice of rural women, young leaders and ethnic minorities.

Challenges:

• Vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change;
• Lack of gender-sensitive risk-prevention strategies.

SDG priorities:

• Developing and introducing gender-sensitive risk-prevention strategies.

Challenges:

• Growth of mining and energy sector increases the pressure on natural resources and traditional forms of rural production that depend on ecosystem services.

SDG priorities:

• Strengthening of livelihoods among the most vulnerable populations, particularly women, Afro-Colombians, and indigenous people, who live in places with the greatest biodiversity.

Progress:

• Decline in deforestation rate;
• Reliance on hydropower has kept carbon dioxide emissions low.

Challenges:

• Economic growth, dependent on extractive industries, creates environmental impacts, and disregards risks associated with climate change;  
• Steady rise in the number of cars in use in the years ahead as households grow wealthier will result in higher emissions and more air pollution.

SDG priorities:

• Reducing the environmental impact pf certain economic sectors, including the extractive industry, agriculture and cattle ranching; 
• Identifying carbon reduction potential across multiple production sectors;
• Implementing carbon reduction strategies.

Challenges:

• Water pollution as a result of growing extractive sector.  

SDG priorities:

• Promoting gender-sensitive conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity;
• Developing alternatives for using biodiversity and ecosystem services based on best international practices in order to capitalize on environmental endowments of Colombia.

Progress:

• Decline in deforestation rate.

Challenges:

• Soil pollution as a result of growing extractive sector.

SDG priorities:

• Addressing climate change;
• Promoting gender-sensitive conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity;
• Developing alternatives for using biodiversity and ecosystem services based on best international practices in order to capitalize on environmental endowments of Colombia.

Progress:

• A breakthrough in peace negotiations between the Government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia;
• Decline in violence associated with the armed conflicts since the start of peace negotiations;
• Decentralization process is underway.

Challenges:

• Colombia remains the second most violent country in Latin America;
• Social conflicts over land property generated as a result of economic growth, dependent on extractive industries, urban development, cattle ranching, and land restitution;
• Lack of cultural and legal institutions for non-violent dispute settlements and conflict resolutions;
• Citizens of many regions face obstacles to benefiting from inclusive governance, rule of law and access to high-quality state services due to limited institutional capacity of the Government, lack of citizens’ capacity to claim their legal and human rights as well as lack of effective mechanisms to tackle corruption.

SDG priorities:

• Securing law, order and citizens’ access to “peace dividends” in the form of civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights;
• Reducing inequalities and social and environmental conflicts;
• Improving the balance of power among the courts, the presidency and the Congress to increase confidence in democracy;
• Empowering citizens to participate in formulating and monitoring of subnational development plans;
• Enhancing transparency of state institutions through sustainable accountability processes;
• Enacting community-based conflict resolution mechanisms to build resilient communities capable of reconciliation and peaceful transformation of social and environmental conflicts.

SDG priorities:

• Becoming a member of OECD and a model for peacebuilding and social innovation;
• Positioning Colombia as a strategic ally to receive and channel South-South and triangular cooperation;  
• Fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration with UN, private sector, civil society and philanthropy to advance SDG agenda.